Tuesday, June 13, 2023

The Black God: Science and the Ethnocentric Doctrine of God of Armstrongism

 

A Sub-Saharan African Bearing Y-chromosome Haplogroup A



The Black God

Science and the Ethnocentric Doctrine of God of Armstrongism

by Scout

 

“So Adam looked like Jesus Christ. Adam also looked like God the Father. God said, "Let US make man after OUR image." Both Jesus Christ and God the Father look alike…When Jesus was on earth 4000 years later, He looked exactly like the Father. Jesus was "the express image of His {the Father's} person" (Heb. 1:3). But Jesus also looked like the average Jew!   Since Adam looked like Christ and Christ looked like the average Jew, then Adam — the first man — must have resembled the Jew. Adam therefore was a white man as are the Jews! Jews are not Negroes, as a few colored people contend. The Jews are Whites.”    Herman L. Hoeh, The Race Question, The Plain Truth Magazine, April 1957.  

 

Herman Hoeh was wrong in believing that God looks like a White man.  If God has a body, then he looks like a Black man.   If one wishes to believe that God is corporeal and that the Imago Dei refers to nothing more than physical appearance, then one must be willing to accept its implications.  And these implications must be informed by science.  The days are fading away where one might claim to preach a Biblical message and ignore the findings of science.  For that reason, empirical evidence must be taken seriously and theologically.  The Bible is the Book of God’s word and Nature is the Book of God’s works. Both books must be read. 

Early Modern Man in Brief

There was a serious conflict between early modern man and another pre-modern hominid species.  Nobody knows much about the details of the warfare but scientists do know something of the consequences.  Early man, it is believed by many, wiped out the other pre-modern hominid species.  But the moderns also interbred with the pre-moderns because we have traces of the genetics of the pre-moderns in our genomes.  This conflict happened about 40,000 years ago.  The modern men were Black and migrated out of Africa into other locations around the globe, including Western Europe.  The people who were wiped out were Neanderthals and they were light-skinned, light haired and had light eye color.  Herman Hoeh might refer to these pre-modern people as pre-Adamic.  The out-of-Africa Black men mutated into many different hominid forms including the White Europeans and East Asians. 

The Truth is Not in the Stars but in Our Genomes

Below is a Y-chromosome phylogenetic haplogroup mapping of the human race showing how haplogroups are logically nested and interrelated. 



If you plumb the depths of this, you will notice three prominent features.  Note that the passing of time starts on the left and runs to the right. 

1.     The earliest human beings are y-chromosome haplogroup A.  This haplogroup and some subclades are shown in the shaded area at the lower left.  These people are sub-Saharan Blacks.  Y-chromosome Adam (q.v., Wikipedia) was Black.  See the photograph at the top of this essay for a photo of the physical type.  

 

2.     Most modern Blacks are y-chromosome haplogroup E – well ensconced in the human Family Tree, if you check the chart above.  So don’t let anyone tell you that Blacks are pre-Adamic. It is ironic that a few Armstrongists and Christians claim a pre-Adamic origin for Blacks.   In fact, almost all Whites and Asians have some Neanderthal (true pre-Adamites) ancestry.  African Blacks have essentially no Neanderthal ancestry because Neanderthals originated in Eurasia and did not make it to Africa.

 

3.     Lastly, a topic that I have written about elsewhere, the haplogroup mapping does not correspond in its logical structure to the traditional interpretation of the glossed “Table of Nations” in Genesis 10.  Understand that the logical structure of the haplogroup map is not something fabricated for easy reference.  It is hard-coded in our DNA.

HAL and the Black God

Herman Hoeh deduced that God is, in appearance, a White man.  His logic is given in the quotation at the top of this essay.  I will refer to that as the Herman Hoeh Algorithm, HAL for short.  HAL no doubt informs the White Supremacist thinking found among some Armstrongists.  If a person has always been a White racist then think how nicely such views are supported by Armstrongism.  No repentance required.  It would be unsurprising if Armstrongism has attracted such people over the years. 

But, alas, if the first man was Black and we apply HAL to this known scientific fact, then God is Black in appearance.  Adam looks like Jesus who looks like God.  Jesus then might have been descended from Black Jews – Jews who trace their ancestry to a migration into North Africa at the time of the Exodus.  Perhaps, that is why he came to his own and his own received him not.  Black Jews still have difficulty being accepted in modern-day Israel.  Maybe this is why Simon of Cyrene, held by some to be a Black from North Africa, was willing to help Jesus with the cross.  Conjectures could abound. 

If one believes that God has a body in his essence, then HAL and science dictate that God looks like a Black man.  God, Jesus and Adam are all Black men.  If God has a body, then his body must have racial properties.  And Herman Hoeh discovered how to deduce these racial properties from the Bible and originated HAL.  The problem is, he did not have the science to know what Adam, looked like.  So, he erroneously deduced that God was a White man. 

The God of Christianity

In orthodox Christian dogma, God has neither a body nor racial category.  Christians are not pre-occupied with what God looks like.  That fixation, it seems, is owned by mostly Restoration Movement denominations like the WCG and its myriad offshoots.   And some of the prominent denominations in this Movement have had trouble in adopting a mature and inclusive view of race.  

Jesus looks like a Jew even though in Western Christianity Jesus is groundlessly depicted as a Western European.  The Ashkenazi Jews are mixed with European ancestry and have a Europeanized appearance.  But Jesus looked like a Mizrahi Jew, the people who are descended from the Jews of Jesus’ day.  Anthropologists know what the average Jews of that time looked like.  And even Armstrongists have made the point that Jesus looked like a non-descript average Jew.  The physical anthropology is that Jesus was about 5’1”, weighed about 110 lbs., had an olive or brown complexion, aquiline nose and curly or perhaps even frizzy hair.  To a person who is of Western European ancestry and believes in British-Israelism, Jesus looked like a “Gentile”.  His chances of being admitted to Ambassador College would have been small. He is too dark and too small.  

In Christian orthodoxy, God is formless spirit and can manifest himself as he wills – a whirlwind, a rock, a pillar of fire – and he has no essential racial nature.  So, he could manifest himself as a White or Black man or an Indian Chief but that is a theophany and not what he is in his existential nature.  

He talked some racial smack at me and so I wrote back and told him that I was going to pray that God, throughout eternity, would always manifest himself to him as Moms Mabley, a famous black comedienne who would wear funny garb.  He wrote back and said he did not know who Moms was.  He hit me with some scriptures about God’s glorious appearance.  I wrote back, I think, it has been a while ago, and told him that maybe God would make an exception just for people like him. 

Summary Statement

You can see why some people have an enormous emotional investment in Herman Hoeh’s legendarium and are reluctant to leave it.   Some people need to feel that they are a part of God’s inner circle.  Nothing could be better for White people than to be a member of God’s race.  This means that for eternity they are more like God than non-White people are, not as result of spiritual formation but as a result of racial status determined at birth (“For they that are after the flesh do mind the things of the flesh”). White people would be the only people who are actually in the image of God, if image refers to the physical body. Thankfully, this view is malarkey.  God does not have a body and racial properties.  He made all races and both genders to be in his image.  And Paul describes in Ephesians 4:23-24 the only image that counts when he wrote, “…be renewed in the spirit of your minds, and to clothe yourselves with the new self, created according to the likeness (kata Theon) of God in true righteousness and holiness.”

 


Monday, June 12, 2023

Crackpot Prophet Now Offering Financial Tips: "Your wages, your salary, your profit, your income BELONGS TO GOD, not to you."


God must have had a really sick sense of humor when he imagined up our Great Bwana to Africa and 100 Caucaisans as He was creating the foundations of the world. On the other hand, He may have known that in these perilous end times that we might need a little humor to brighten our day, and thus we have Bwana Bob at our disposal.

As was mentioned the other day, he apparently does not have the ability to come up with an original thought in spite of all those PhDs, classes at Ambassador and Fuller, and online courses from that great theological university in India with its extensive library housed in a trailer. But, again these are perilous times and we have to be gentle on the Great Bwana as the burdens he carries are enormous as he witnesses to the world his great theological understandings.

This all leads us to today as he triples down on tithing commands he imagines are still required. But as usual, he has to drag out the dead Herbert to reinforce his theories. The Great Bwana has to quote from a 1959 article that Herbert wrote in Ending Your Financial Worries.

Given all of the recent documentaries exposing various cults recently and how they demand and manipulate their followers into handing over their money, this is a prime example of the cultism that we were conned with.

The Great Bwana writes (always in a state of fear):

2022 has been a difficult financial year for many around the world. Food and gas prices have been rising. Some are warning about recession and some about stagflation. 
 
The stock markets around the world are jittery. Many around the world are concerned about international matters, including what will happen with the USA because of its coming elections. 
 
The USA has the most debt any nation in world history has ever had–and it keeps going up. The per-capita debt of those in the UK are among the highest of all time. The Eurozone has struggles between members, plus its own debt issues. 
 
Those in Asia and South America have seen their economic standards of living generally rise over the past decades, but great apprehension exists. There have been gains and losses in some parts of Africa and the Middle East.

Then the Great Bwana goes on to quote the dead Herbert. Here are a few of Herbert's delightful words:

"People say: “What I earn is MINE — I can do what I please with it!” 
 
But is the money you earn really your own? Don’t be too sure. Notice these FACTS about your income you probably haven’t known! 
 
What you earn is not yours! 
 
The man who says, “What I do with the money I earn with my own labor is nobody’s business — I produced it — it belongs to me,” is mistaken. 
 
What you earn, by work performed or investments made is not yours — not any of it"

Then this: 

But the first claim is GOD’S claim. You probably never realized this fact before — but it is a fact. God Almighty the living CREATOR-RULER of the universe claims it all — every dollar — every pound — every franc — every mark. Your Maker who gives you the very air you breathe tells you it all belongs to Him, not to you!

And this: 

But didn’t you earn it? Didn’t YOU produce it? 
 
Not exactly! Everything produced — money, and all that money can buy — comes out of the earth. You didn’t produce that! God created that. You merely applied certain energy in physical action and in thinking to what God had created and owned. And God created even that energy you expended — He created your thinking processes. He not only created, originally, but He sustains what He created, including all force and energy.

And this: 

God Almighty says, in His written Word: “The earth is the Eternal’s, and the fulness thereof; the world, and they that dwell therein. For He hath founded it upon the seas, and established it upon the floods” (Psalm 24:1-2). These inspired words are repeated in I Corinthians 10:26. 
 
“Whatsoever is under the whole heaven is MINE,” claims God (Job 41:11). 
 
“Behold, the heaven and the heaven of heavens is the ETERNAL’S thy God, the earth also, with all that therein is” (Deut. 10:14). “All the earth is MINE” (Ex. 19:5). 
 
And this:

However, God is a God of love. He knows your need. God is concerned about you. He is not selfish. He has your interest and welfare in mind. Therefore God has made A LAW respecting that portion of HIS WEALTH which your thinking, and your labor has extracted and worked upon. 
 
Get this fixed thoroughly in your mind. Your wages, your salary, your profit, your income BELONGS TO GOD, not to you. Probably you never realized this before. This may seem like a new idea to you. But it is not an idea — it is a fact. 
 
Therefore GOD HAS A RIGHT to take, or dispose of what you regard as your income AS HE WILLS. He OWNS it. It is not yours, it is HIS! 
 
So God, the rightful OWNER of your income, has MADE A LAW respecting its disposal and its use. By virtue of being Creator and Sustainer of the earth and all in it, God is supreme RULER and LAWGIVER.

Then this: 

The farmer or gardener may plant seed, plow, and expend his labor in raising food. But WHO supplied the SOIL? WHO created the living process that makes the seed sprout and grow? Who sends the rain, or provides water for irrigation? Who set the sun in the sky and causes it to shine and warm the earth? Who causes the plant to drink out of the soil the minerals, vitamins, and good elements, and to grow into the vegetable, the grain, or the fruit? Did YOU perform this part of the business of raising the food you eat? 
 
When we sit down and really THINK, we shall see that God supplies about NINE parts of everything man makes or produces, and man’s thinking, planning, and working supplies only about ONE part. But God does not take nine tenths of the proceeds, or the income. He doesn’t take even eight tenths, or seven, or even three or two tenths. God is GENEROUS. God has reserved for HIS use only one little tiny tenth of what is produced out of His earth through His forces and energies! 
 
God takes only ONE tenth. And after you have been honest in PAYING God’s tenth to God’s chosen representative, then — AND NOT UNTIL THEN — God has decreed that the other NINE tenths becomes legally YOURS!

There are two things that Herbert's old covenant tithing demands did. It financially ruined untold members lives and it kept the fat cats living lives of luxury as their members suffered.

You can see through Herbert's reliance on Old Covenant teachings why there was a need for a New Covenant understanding. The New Covenant was to be an earthly foretaste of the kingdom to come where worship was freely done - not enforced, demanded, or expected. Looking towards sitting at the heavenly banquet is far better than sitting at an empty table while your church leader dines off Imperial Russian china, eats with gold utensils, and fills his delicate crystal with Louis XIII Cognac. 




Dave Pack and the members of The Restored Church of God will anoint God the Father when they receive salvation



David C. Pack’s Crown Jewel

 

During “The Greatest Unending Story! (Part 447)” on June 6, 2023, Pastor General David C. Pack of The Restored Church of God re-announced he was Elijah the Prophet and uttered another death curse upon himself. But, what he spent the majority of time on was far worse.

 

I understand the struggles of the brethren who remain in The Restored Church of God because I lived through it until March 2021. If David C. Pack had ONLY been setting dates that failed, I might have been able to stomach his foolish arrogance longer.

 

When David C. Pack declared that he was Elijah and then Elijah was That Prophet in 2015, I knew my days were numbered. My great hope was that this wicked doctrinal corruption would “work itself out” and be undone. I gave The Restored Church of God six more years of my life, praying that God would set things back on track.

 

Instead, everything only grew worse. David C. Pack continued to corrupt Who we worshipped and served. He perverted the roles of Jesus Christ and God the Father with the Headquarters ministry approving, then supporting. Well, the ones who chose to remain. Timothy Willard and his wife were the last to leave in the spring of 2022.

 

I will forever credit Chief Suck-Up Edward L. Winkfield (aka Stepford Prime) as being the straw that broke the camel’s back for me. Nobody can slurp up Dave’s doctrinal feces and re-vomit it on the brethren like Ed can. He is happy to do it and has zero issues with the taste.

 

Shame on you, Ed. May God have mercy on you.

 

 

The “new truth” given to The Restored Church of God on June 6 is the Crown Jewel of David C. Pack’s Gallery of Stupid. I typically have a little fun regarding this concept since faux-mistranslations are the usual entries under this banner.

 

Past inductees have included:

 

•  Jesus Christ was conceived around Elul 1 and was born in spring.

•  “Seven times of punishment” in Leviticus means seven weeks.

•  The Chinese launched an artificial sun into the atmosphere.

•  All humans will be sterile in fifty years.

•  The countdown to Pentecost was a type of countdown to Trumpets.

•  In Acts 7, Stephen was killed for criticizing the Jewish Christmas tree.

•  No one ever looked up the word “sackcloth” in Revelation.

•  Everyone on earth will only speak ten languages.

•  The Book of Revelation was 600 years old when Jesus Christ came in the flesh.

•  More people are married in June than in the other months combined.

 

During Part 447, David C. Pack teaches that he and the members of The Restored Church of God will anoint the Father after they receive salvation. That is not a silly topic, but it deserves to be the Crown Jewel because Dave worked on that idea for FIVE YEARS, and it can be easily disproven with eSword in less than two minutes.

 

 

Dave was so excited to end the Series with the most mind-blowing, cataclysmic understanding to ever rock any Church of God. Grandpa Dave would finally be the envy of Herbert W. Armstrong in the resurrection. If Non-Apostle Herbie got wind of this today, he would not just turn in his grave. He would have a seizure.

 

Part 447 – June 6, 2023

@ 08:58 …I’m gonna give you the greatest single truth I’ve ever discovered. And you've heard not one word about it. You think that can't –"Mr. Pack, we're at over 800 hours. We're seven-and-a-half years." You've heard not one word of it, and I’ve been working on it in the background for close to five years.

 

I already spoiled the punchline, but enjoy the journey by having the forethought. Dave taps his toes the entire message teasing the audience so he can have his extra-special big reveal. He is the only human being who ever lived to discover such a discovery of exciting excitement.

 

@ 09:19 I never brought up a word of it to my wife.

 

Perhaps his subconscious was trying to preserve their marriage. Poor Mrs. Pack. I cannot wait to hear her story over coffee and donuts after she leaves.

 

@ 09:22 Nor did I bring it up to my staff. But I resolved it right on time. It's a powerful metric to me that we are right on time.

 

Ha ha ha ha ha. All of David C. Pack’s powerful metrics fail over time. Sometimes he kills them the next day. Every metric the man has ever uttered his entire ministerial career has all evaporated and is worth the stones they were engraved on.

 

@ 47:17 But, I’ll just say, again, you’ve not heard one word of what I’m gonna tell ya today, and this may be the single greatest, the single greatest truth in the entire Word of God. And I can pretty much tell ya, God Himself almost says it in those words and, actually, multiple ways.

 

@ 49:30 …what I’m gonna tell ya now is unbelievably powerful. It’s the most exciting thing, I think, I’ve ever taught.

 

Poor Dave. He really had high hopes for this revelation. Keep in mind he has been building this up for forty minutes. Allow me to steal his thunder once more: Dave and the members of The Restored Church of God will anoint God the Father when they receive salvation.

 

That would be pretty amazing if it were true. It is not.

 

 

Daniel 9:24 contains the brain baby gestating inside Dave’s skull for five years. No wonder there is no room left for truthfulness and basic empathy for anyone else.

 

@ 1:02:58 Now, this is, in some ways, the pinnacle. “To anoint the most holy.” What’s this? More correctly, who’s this?

 

@ 1:04:03 Now, it can’t be Christ. It can’t be Christ.

 

David C. Pack is a deceiver and not a good one. He reads a string of verses about “the Most High.” The Most High is God. “Most high” is a translation of Strong’s Hebrew “elyon” H5945.

 

That is NOT what is written in Daniel 9:24. “Most Holy” is Strong’s H6944 H6944. He tricked the brethren by reading verses about "the Most High" and then switched to "the most holy" as if they were synonymous. They are not. They are very different words with very different applications.

 

Daniel 9:24

…and to seal up  the vision  and prophecy,  and to anoint  the most Holy.  (H6944) (H6944)

 

@ 1:20:03 …’cause we gotta get all the way to the point where, somehow, Mr. Pack's about to explain the Most Holy, the Father is, actually, also anointed. How is that?

 

That statement is utterly false.

 

Using eSword, anyone can disprove Dave's "single greatest truth” in under two minutes. The King James has Strong’s H6944 H6944 (“qodesh” doubled in Hebrew) rendered as "most holy." God is NEVER called "the most holy" in the Bible. But, many other things are.

 

Simply put, God is the Most High. Certain THINGS are most holy.

 

Exodus 26:33-34

 and the veil shall divide unto you between the holy (H6944) place and the most holy. (H6944) (H6944) And thou shalt put the mercy seat upon the ark of the testimony in the most holy (H6944) (H6944)  place.

 

This describes the Tabernacle of Moses and the separation between the Temple tent (holy) and the inner sanctuary (most holy), where only the High Priest could enter on the Day of Atonement. Verse 34 reiterates WHERE the mercy seat upon the ark rests: IN the most holy.

 

The word “place” is italicized. “Most holy” is not referring to God. It refers to a location. But Dave cannot see that because God is not guiding him.

 

 

The other verses are apparent. God is the Most High. Certain things are most holy.

 

Yet, Dave chose to withhold this from his most-trusted advisor (Mrs. Pack) and his crack team of researchers (Coffee Kid and Pepper Boy) because he wanted to blurt this out on his own to attain all the glory that comes with it.

 

Deep down, he knew there were serious flaws but did not want to hear about them. Jim and Andy are competent enough to find what I found, and they would have been compelled to come to the same conclusions. This concept is total bunk.

 

Exodus 30:28-29

And the altar of burnt offering with all his vessels, and the laver and his foot. And thou shalt sanctify them, that they may be most holy: whatsoever touches them shall be holy.

 

Exodus 40:10 “an altar most holy.

 

Leviticus 2:3 “a thing most holy of the offerings”

 

Leviticus 6:17 “offerings made by fire; it is most holy

 

What other THINGS are most holy? The burnt offering. The trespass offering. The meat offering. The bread of God. Devoted things. Temple instruments in the sanctuary. The Holy Place where the ark rests.

 

Daniel 9:24 refers to anointing a most holy place or thing.

 

The most holy is NOT God the Father. He is the Most High.

 

David C. Pack is not just incompetent. He is dangerously incompetent. He is blasphemously incompetent.

 

Once you understand what he is doing and how he is doing it, you can listen to his eleven minutes of “proof verses” and see the holes are larger than in Swiss cheese. He does a quick-change switcheroo between “Most High” and “most holy” to make them equate.

 

No other verses in the Bible support Dave’s woefully ignorant interpretation, so he had to intentionally distort what Exodus 26:33 records. Dave blows eleven minutes of foundational smoke to cloud the minds of the brethren of The Restored Church of God so he can go on for another forty-three minutes about it.

 

Maybe the few who have not thoroughly checked out will prove the matter on their own, but that is not likely. It is an opium den of sleepyheads over there. If they stay after the “our young people will be eaten alive by lions,” then nothing will shake them loose.

 

They have earned what they cleave to.

 

 

Once Dave has the ignorance ball in his hands, he runs with it, and nobody can take it away from him except for Better Future Dave. He creates an association the Bible does not support. The members of The Restored Church of God are to take his word for it. And they seemingly do.

 

@ 1:23:46 …the Father. The Most High. The Most Holy. Brings Him forth to the world a year after the Kingdom of God because Christ is working and knocking down enemies through this extraordinary year. I told you we never talked about any of this. None of it. Never mind how God the Father could be anointed.

 

This is a repeat of “he rushes to call it out” and “Elijah That Prophet” on demonic steroids. If he does not undo this concept during the Conference, this association will live into the vanishing point. He will falsely see the Father all over the Bible as “the most holy” and change the meaning of dozens of verses.

 

The implications for future teachings are yet unknown. Knowing Dave, he will "discover" a host of "electrifying facts" that will “pop clear” and “crack the Bible wide open.” Watch out.

 

@ 1:49:42 All with eternal life will, literally, anoint God. All will attest to His eternal lead at the end of this year. There’s nowhere it says that Christ does it. We’re all brothers. We’d all do it.

 

@ 1:52:50 So, if God says, “I want to be anointed by all my children at the end of this year, absolute reconciliation,” that’s exactly what will happen. And no one has ever understood this. You’re the first people, whoever’s listening in, to understand it.

 

@ 1:53:46 This is the same Being who picked us and the saints from the foundation of the world and picked RCG to go first…the ultimate high honor given to us by the ultimate Most High God.

 

David C. Pack is once again exposed as a verbal sorcerer. According to the Bible, the Most High is not the same as the most holy. But, because The Restored Church of God trusts the words of a man over the Word of God to create doctrines, this is what you get.

 

The Restored Church of Another god worships David C. Pack, not the True God.

 

 

Trying to make sense of all Dave says is like trying to solve a Rubik’s Cube with one tile missing. All he has to do is misunderstand a single verse, and he builds a gargantuan doctrine out of it. Since there are no Checks-And-Balances in The Restored Church of God and no human being on the face of the earth can correct David Crowl Pack, this is the type of stupid, wicked, reckless nonsense you get from him.

 

This is what the mind of unbridled vanity looks like. The brethren who choose to stay will reap what they sow. Get out while you still can, folks.

 

Shame on all the field “ministers” and their wives who flocked to Headquarters for the Ministerial Conference this week after Dave re-proclaims himself to be Elijah the Prophet. Shame on the lot of you for sticking through his perversity.

 

David C. Pack is a biblical fraud and blaspheming liar. Trusting his words is an act of foolishness and everyone who does disgraces themselves. Those are facts of history. I do not make that happen. I just report it.

 

It is hard to imagine what could supplant the Crown Jewel of David C. Pack’s Gallery of Stupid. Perhaps that should be rebranded as David C. Pack’s Gallery of Evil.

 

Elijah That Prophet, an apostle, Joshua the High Priest, the Good and Faithful Servant, the Wise Steward, the Faithful Priest, the One in White Linen, a type of John the Baptist, a type of Ezekiel measuring the Temple, the Seventh Angel, and King David Passover—He worked on this for five years.

 

An antichrist serpent more wicked (almost) than the devil disproved it in under two minutes.

 

Something is wrong with this picture.

 

Consider your ways, people of The Restored Church of God. Do not stop up your eyes and ears to what your human idol presents to you. Do not look to your compromised hirelings for guidance because they are in worse shape than you are.

 

David C. Pack is not teaching from the mind of God but from the mind of madness. You know this. Act on it before it is too late.

 

Marc Cebrian

See: David C. Pack’s Crown Jewel