Herbert W. Armstrong and the Plagiarism of Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright
Herbert W. Armstrong built much of his distinctive prophetic and identity theology around the doctrine of British Israelism (also called Anglo-Israelism). This teaching claims that the “lost ten tribes” of Israel migrated to northwestern Europe and that the modern English-speaking peoples—especially the British Commonwealth (Ephraim) and the United States (Manasseh)—are their literal descendants, inheriting the birthright promises made to Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob.
A central pillar of this teaching in Armstrong’s writings was his booklet The United States and Britain in Prophecy (originally United States in Prophecy, with various editions from the 1940s onward). Critics, former insiders, and even WCG leadership after Armstrong’s death have long pointed out that this work substantially derives from J.H. Allen’s 1902 book Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright.
J.H. Allen (John Harden Allen), an American minister and author, published Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright in 1902 (with later editions, e.g., 1917). The book analyzes Old Testament prophecies, distinguishing between the Sceptre (royal lineage and Messiah promise through Judah) and the Birthright (national promises of multitude, wealth, and power through Joseph’s sons Ephraim and Manasseh). Allen argued that these promises found fulfillment in the British Empire and the United States as the modern representatives of Israel.
British Israelism itself was not original to Allen. It had roots in 18th- and 19th-century writings, including works by John Wilson (Our Israelitish Origin, 1840), Edward Hine, and others who traced supposed Israelite migrations through the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Celts to the British Isles. Allen synthesized and popularized these ideas in a more accessible American context.
British Israelism itself was not original to Allen. It had roots in 18th- and 19th-century writings, including works by John Wilson (Our Israelitish Origin, 1840), Edward Hine, and others who traced supposed Israelite migrations through the Scythians, Cimmerians, and Celts to the British Isles. Allen synthesized and popularized these ideas in a more accessible American context.
Evidence of Substantial Borrowing
Side-by-side comparisons reveal extensive overlap in structure, arguments, biblical interpretations, historical claims, and even phrasing. For example:
- Both works emphasize the division of the kingdom after Solomon, with the Birthright going to Joseph’s line (the northern kingdom, “House of Israel”) and the Sceptre to Judah (southern kingdom, “House of Judah”).
- Discussions of the name “Jew” as applying only to Judah, the 2520-year punishment period (a “seven times” prophecy from Leviticus 26), and the sudden rise of Britain and America after ~1800 A.D. show strong parallels.
Joseph Tkach Jr., who succeeded Armstrong and led the WCG’s transformation into Grace Communion International (GCI), openly acknowledged the issue in his book Transformed by Truth and related statements: “From an ethical point of view, it is a well-known fact that Mr. Armstrong did not originate this teaching. In fact, earlier editions of the US & BC plagiarized vast portions of a book entitled Judah’s Sceptre and Joseph’s Birthright.” Tkach noted that it was not possible to claim divine revelation for material clearly copied from an existing source.
A copy of Allen’s book was reportedly found among Armstrong’s possessions after his death, and Armstrong had referenced similar British Israel literature positively in earlier correspondence and studies (e.g., in the late 1920s/1930s while researching in libraries).
Armstrong did add his own elements—such as tying the doctrine more tightly to his broader prophetic schema (e.g., The Plain Truth magazine, radio broadcasts, and warnings of end-time punishment on the “modern descendants of Israel”)—and presented it with his charismatic, authoritative style. However, the core framework, historical identifications, and many proofs were drawn directly from Allen and the broader British Israel tradition without adequate credit in his popular publications.
Defenders sometimes argue it was common practice in that era to draw from public-domain or shared ideas without formal citation, or that Armstrong’s version had unique emphases and was “revealed” through intensive Bible study. Some claim the similarities reflect independent study of the same scriptures. However, the volume and specificity of the borrowing, combined with the lack of attribution in the booklets distributed by the millions, have led most neutral observers to classify it as plagiarism or uncredited adaptation.
Broader Pattern in Armstrong’s Work
This was not an isolated incident. Armstrong frequently synthesized existing ideas (on topics like church history, prophecy, or doctrines) and presented them as fresh revelations or his own discoveries. British Israelism served as a “central plank” for interpreting end-time prophecy, national identity, and the need for WCG membership to understand God’s plan. Dropping it after Armstrong’s death was a major step in the church’s doctrinal overhaul.
Why This Matters Little for Christians Today
For believers grounded in the New Covenant, Herbert W. Armstrong’s plagiarism of J.H. Allen’s work—and the British Israelism doctrine itself—is ultimately of minor importance. Here’s why, reasoned from Scripture:
The New Testament reorients God’s people around faith in Christ, not ethnic or national descent. Paul emphatically teaches that “not all who are descended from Israel are Israel” (Romans 9:6) and that true children of Abraham are those of faith: “If you belong to Christ, then you are Abraham’s seed, and heirs according to the promise” (Galatians 3:29; see also Romans 4, Galatians 3). Physical identities and old covenant national promises find their fulfillment and transcendence in Jesus, the true Seed.
British Israelism relies on a literal, ongoing distinction between “Israel” and “Judah” that the New Testament largely collapses. In the NT, terms like “Israel,” “Jews,” and the people of God increasingly point to the multi-ethnic church (e.g., Ephesians 2:11–22; 1 Peter 2:9–10). The promises of land, seed, and blessing are realized supremely in Christ and His spiritual kingdom, not in 19th/20th-century empires.
Plagiarism reveals character flaws—lack of transparency, overclaiming originality, and presenting human ideas as divine revelation—but it does not invalidate every teaching Armstrong promoted, nor does it define the gospel. Many teachers throughout church history have borrowed without credit; the Bereans (Acts 17:11) and faithful Christians today test all things against Scripture (1 Thessalonians 5:21).
What does matter is the gospel of grace: justification by faith, the finished work of Christ, freedom from the old covenant’s ceremonial and civil shadows (including tithing, food laws, and calendar observances as binding), and the indwelling Holy Spirit guiding believers. Obsessing over national identities or failed prophetic timelines distracts from the “better covenant” mediated by Jesus (Hebrews 8:6).
Armstrong’s errors, including this one, highlight the danger of elevating any human teacher or “one true church” claim. New Covenant Christians are called to liberty in Christ (Galatians 5), humility, and discerning truth by the Word and the Spirit—not by tracing 19th-century book borrowings or Anglo-Saxon genealogy theories.
In the end, whether HWA copied Allen extensively changes little for those resting in the New Covenant. It serves as a cautionary tale against personality cults and proof-texting for national exceptionalism, but it does not alter the unchanging truth: “There is neither Jew nor Gentile, neither slave nor free, nor is there male and female, for you are all one in Christ Jesus” (Galatians 3:28). Focus there, and such historical details fade into proper perspective.
Silent Pilgrim
Sources:
Wikipedia: British Israelism
Grokpedia: British Israelism
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