Dave Pack: We are in Serious Dilemma! All of our literature is wrong!

 

UPDATE: On March 9, 2021, I posted this about Dave's ongoing lies and how almost all of RCG's literature was then obsolete. Here we are in February 2023 and the lies continue unabated. Jesus still has not returned. Dave's material is still outdated. No great secret of God has ever been revealed. Every time Dave opens his mouth he discredits himself, invalidating any previous words of wisdom.

We are in a Serious Dilemma!

From an RCG source:

This is perhaps one of the more shocking quotes I have seen in the series yet. I would ask that the Website team post this on the homepage somewhere just so new members understand that nothing they read is actually what the church teaches. This is a long quote but stay with me!

All the RCG material on the “Gospel” is wrong in Dave’s eyes. (This was discussed for years while the series was going on, some small changes were made, but now it’s obvious to church members). In effect, God needs to use material filled with lies and inaccurate information to get people into His TRUE CHURCH. 

An important question for the members of RCG, “Does an all-powerful “God of Truth,” need to use lies and deception to get people into His organization or True Church?” If so, then where is the Biblical precedent for this? Especially, when Christ is “the Way, the Truth, the Life”? 

At the judgment seat, could you imagine God or Christ condemning people for deceiving others, when they themselves actually deceived people to get them into the church?

Dave states at the end of 294:

“Finally let's imagine that the kingdom of God did not come this year. Let's imagine it. This church is in a serious dilemma, and I want you to think about it. And I ran it by a half dozen ministers, and here are our options, because all of our literature currently teaches that the kingdom of God is built the way my Baptist father-in-law believes, Christ comes and builds the kingdom. All of our literature is written that way. Now here's option "Number One," Ready? Let our literature say that and it's FALSE! I've written, I don't know probably a million words about the gospel. I've got to alter those. When would I do it? We can't let it go out. It's not true! So that's option number one would just let it stay there out of the question. 

Option "Number Two," withdraw all of our literature on the subject of the gospel. The Awesome Potential of Man, What's the Kingdom. What's the True Gospel, How World Peace Will Come. And all the booklets that I wrote years ago that had been so productive. Hundreds of millions of our pieces of literature have gone out, just withdraw them and never talk about the Gospel again? Well, that's a problem because we have an open door in front of us and nobody can shut it! So we wouldn't be expected to do that. So neither of those options are realistic. Here's the third one. God says he wants to come as a "thief", as a "snare." He does not want the world to know it. He wants a little group to know it. So then what do I do? Rewrite the literature and tell the world what it appears. God does not want them to know? That's option "Number three," that doesn't sound like a very good option, but we'd have to do something, unless God revealed this extraordinary mystery that has been this series right before he intended to solve the problem Himself. Because here they are, again, leave the literature that's up--it's wrong! It was "a present truth." Mr. Armstrong taught things that were wrong and he taught all the other doctrines of God correctly. We believed them. We held to them, but I no longer could. What would our ministers counsel people who were reading booklets that are wrong? "Well, this was actually wrong, but we need to understand it should say this." Well, they'd say, if I were a prospective member, like I was 55 years ago, I'd said, "Well, why hasn't it changed?" Or the alternative? Remember, second alternative? Just cancel all that literature and never talk about the kingdom of God. Well again, no one could consider that a viable option.

And the third one is start rewriting it. Now that would even take a while. And then we would do, because the Work is booming. Make no mistake. We are booming right now! I've never seen anything like it! And we're poised to do big stuff. So what would we do just sit on that we're wonderfully positioned to explode! But then we would be telling people what God doesn't want known. So, there was no box on that list where you could check "none of the above." You got to go one of the three ways. Now I never mentioned that as a metric because I never thought of it as a metric until I came to understand the "mystery of God" is that the kingdom of God arrives in a totally different way than anybody we or anybody else ever thought.

But it's a "fact" and you've heard the proof. So the only solution it seems to me is that the kingdom has to come, or I got to choose one of those three things because I'm not going to sit back. Our "reserves are," I mean, you just can't believe how well we're doing. We never done this well! We're 22 years now and I mean, we're not going to go build more buildings. There's no time for that. What would we do? We have a wonderful staff. We don't have to spend time hiring more staff. We're well positioned. We're poised, we're oiled. We could go out and do a much bigger work, but the problem is we would be disclosing a secret God does not want it out. I don't know how I could do that in good conscience. So, God speed the day! It looks like our weight is very short for one more reason. And the "Mystery of God" has gone away in a greater way. For one more reason. Good night.

 

Dave Pack: When your minister lies to you about the return of Jesus Christ…you need to be patient.

 

IF Wednesday

 

David C. Pack of The Restored Church of God did not have a good week.

 

Monday, January 23 @ 10:04 AM ET

Tuesday, January 24 @ 10:05 AM ET

Wednesday, January 25 @ 10:06 AM ET

Thursday, January 26 @ 10:07 AM ET

Thursday, January 26 @ 11:35 PM ET

 

This list does not include Friday, when a key Headquarters staff member resigned as an employee and church member. This rivet popping from the hull of the RMS Wadsworth is the second departure since November. Kudos to the lay members who act while the hirelings do nothing.

 

Marvel when you realize this was not David C. Pack’s biggest fail streak in a week. July/August 2022 was no fun for him either when Av 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 7 all turned up to be business as usual.

 

The David C. Pack Wall of Shame grows longer on the landing page of exrcg.org. When Tammuz circles around again, the design layout will need to be updated. Maybe Kevin Denee’s company can help with that.

 

As you have discerned by now, this is not a review of the surprisingly good Jenny Ortega series, “Wednesday,” streaming on Netflix.

 

RCG Headquarters issued an update on Monday to calm the nerves of the brethren when Dave was a no-show on Sabbath to bestow Special Comments. He must have had nothing special to say. And that is quite the feat from the man who doodies in the toilet, not in his pants.

 

 

Monday, January 30, 2023

 

Dear brethren,

 

We hope this finds you doing well. 

 

If we are here on Wednesday, Mr. Pack plans to lay out some more corroboration that we were right and that we really do need patience. Everything is still on track.

 

Warm regards,

 

Church Administration

 

 

“We hope this finds you doing well.”

 

How could anyone NOT be doing well after being strung along all week to then hear silence over the weekend? Three days of not knowing what the heckfire is going on would put anyone into a “well” state of mind.

 

Either nobody had the courage on Sabbath to walk up to the lectern to fill the air with more false assurances, or the Packian Triad of Fraud was simply out of ideas. The result was the same. Let the brethren stew while wondering why salvation did not come.

 

But should they really be wondering by this point? The obvious answer is staring them in the face.

 

No Part 417 this weekend was a blessing to the brethren at Headquarters. I remember that sigh of relief when you realize you can eat a meal in peace and go home at a reasonable hour on the Sabbath.

 

It could have been worse. Enduring yet another condescending 3-minute sweaty stammering about how great things still are from Meat Shield would have been nothing short of maddening.

 

Silence is golden at Headquarters.

 

 

“If we are here on Wednesday…”

 

See why there was no need to rush reporting this? My calendar claims today is Wednesday. As expected.

 

The last Pathetic Update ended with, “…any hour of any day works." The saddest people on the face of the earth are the members of The Restored Church of God expecting David C. Pack to get anything right.

 

No man knows the day and/or the hour. The Father knows. Even by accident, David C. Pack cannot figure out the day for the coming of the Kingdom of God. Whenever he suggests a day, know for sure it will NOT come on that day.

 

 

“…more corroboration that we were right…”

 

More past-tense future-fulfillment corroborations. More “being wrong” means “being right” insanity.

 

David C. Pack is going to fail his whole way into success.

 

David C. Pack is going to teach errors along the path to truth.

 

David C. Pack will be proven wrong so many times it will result in being right.

 

Sound thinking has fled from Headquarters.

 

The corroboration could mean that the February 10/11 (Shevat 20) Big Deal is back in the spotlight. This is 40 days before Abib 1, which is the fallback to the fallback. When that does not pan out, be prepared for a Passover-Unleavened Bread reimagining.

 

 

“…we really do need patience.”

 

David C. Pack and the enablers at Headquarters have weaponized patience. They have corrupted the use of godly character and misapplied it through exploitation.

 

This is evil. What is going on starting at Headquarters is evil. Evil.

They need the brethren to be silent, gullible, naïve, witless, and blind. That is not being patient.

 

If your parent beats you, do you ignore it because you need to be patient?

If your spouse commits adultery, do you put up with it because you need to be patient?

If your friend is addicted to drugs, do you stay silent because you need to be patient?

If your child is stealing from you, do you pretend not to know because you need to be patient?

If your teacher is molesting you, do you keep it a secret because you need to be patient?

If your boss is not paying you, do you keep working because you need to be patient?

 

When your minister lies to you about the return of Jesus Christ…

When your minister has other ministers deceive you…

When your minister swears falsely using God’s name in vain…

When your minister twists the words in the Bible…

 

To endure such things with inaction is not a show of patience. It is willful foolishness.

 

That is not biblical patience. That is patience weaponized for the gain of men.

 

 

“Everything is still on track.”

 

Members of The Restored Church of God, this is David C. Pack pissing in your face instead of against the wall. This is a mental and spiritual affront expressed without shame in hubris because he knows you will accept it with a calm, docile smile.

 

If The Restored Church of God and David C. Pack were "still on track," Jesus Christ would have returned on Friday, August 30, 2013.

 

Or on January 23, 24, 25, or 26 of 2023.

 

If we are here on Thursday, will you continue to listen to the vile filth David C. Pack teaches?

If we are here on Friday, will you continue to do nothing except sign your tithe check?

If we are here on Saturday, will you continue to support an organization of biblical fraud?

 

Why continue to attend a church that lies, deceives, corrupts, manipulates, threatens, and patronizes?

 

Maybe you are just being patient.

 

 

 Marc Cebrian

See: IF Wednesday

 

 

That Other Crackpot Prophet Claims Millennium WIll Be Here In 2028

One thing is for sure in Armstrongism, there is always a crackpot self-appointed prophet of god lurking in the wings to step in and share their hidden knowledge. No matter how wild, crazy, or foolish that assumed knowledge is, they know for a fact the date of the millennium, the return of the creature they call "Christ".

This time it is not Dave Pack, Gerald Flurry, or even God's most highly favored servant, Bob Thiel. This time it is that other crackpot prophet, Wade Cox. Cox was the original crazy COG leader before Pack, Flurry, and Thiel hit the scene with their weirdness.

Check out his timeline below:

Table 1  Structure of the eras

4026 BCE	Earth tohu and bohu (without form and void. God did not create it that way i.e. tohu and bohu, Isa. 45:18).
4024/3-4005/4	Notional Jubilee of Eden begins and Adam’s notional life
4005/4	Creation: Adam is created as an adult at 20 years. After 30 years he is judged and expelled. Satan is placed as god of this earth (cf. 2Cor. 4:4) and under trial.
3974	First Jubilee of the cursed earth.
2007	Nahor dies
2005/4	Notional end of the first era.
*********	*****************
1998	Noah dies (950)
1996	Abraham born (cf. Bullinger 1991 years from the Nativity)
*********	*****************
5 BCE	Christ born
27 CE	Jubilee with John the Baptist and Messiah.
30 CE	Crucifixion
1996	End of the 2000 years and
	End of the Time of the Gentiles.
*********	*****************
1967-1996	Thirty Years Mourning for Aaron and the Reclamation of Jerusalem. End of the 2300 evenings and mornings.
1997-2027	Thirty years of the wars of the end. Corresponds to the month of the mourning for Moses and signifies the removal of the Princes, Priests and prophets of this age. End of the Sign of Jonah.
2021-2024	Period of the possible Advent of Messiah and subjugation of the planet.
2027/8 Jubilee	Fortieth Jubilee since ministry of Messiah.
*********	*****************
2028	Thousand years of the Millennium begins under Messiah.
3013-3027	Satan released. Wars of the Camp of the Saints (Rev. 20:7-9).
*********	*****************
3028-3128	Second Resurrection of the Dead and 100 year judgment.
*********	*****************
3128	City of God

Fear, the fuel that drives Armstrongism

 

Fear is the main tactic in keeping members "in" the church. Fear of being cut off from God. Fear of losing one's salvation. Fear of committing the unpardonable sin. Fear of getting kicked out of the "true" church. Fear of being disfellowshipped and marked by God. Fear of not making it to the place of safety.

January 1, 2023 Exit and Support Network 

 

Having only limited knowledge of the Bible as a teenager, I was intrigued when I first heard about the Second Coming of Jesus Christ, and that He would be ruling with His saints on Earth for a thousand years! So I wrote to Pasadena and read just about every booklet they published. It wasn’t long before I took the bait and was hooked. 

 

I can attest to the fact that fear is definitely a factor—perhaps the greatest—that keeps members within these Armstrong cults from venturing out. This was especially true of those in WCG. Herbert Armstrong who was the master controller at the helm instilled that fear with the threat of the lake of fire if one “tastes the truth” and later walks away from it. 

 

For all the years I remained in that cult, it was fear that kept me from stepping out or even raising any question to anyone inside the “church” or outside of it. We were warned that raising questions or having doubts was the first sign that Satan had a grip on us. We were constantly reminded that this was “God’s government,” and who are we to question those that were directly appointed by God? I remember the repetitious warnings of Gerald Waterhouse that we were to say, “Yes, sir!” to the boss no matter he said. 

 

Sadly, this is how the WCG operated so successfully for decades. I dare to say that most of us suffered financially over the years, as we followed the dictates from above “seeking first the Kingdom of God” (i.e., the pocketbooks of those in charge). –Former WCG member

Bootstrapping Salvation: The Disturbing Armstrongist Concept of Qualifying for the Kingdom

 

Baron von Munchausen pulling himself and his horse out of a swamp by his hair.

Bootstrapping Salvation

The Disturbing Armstrongist Concept of Qualifying for the Kingdom

 

By Oran

 

“"FOR by GRACE are ye saved through faith; and that not of yourselves; it is the gift of God; NOT OF WORKS, lest any man should boast…!” …First, what do WE believe? Perhaps some few have thought we of the WORLD TOMORROW program, and of the staff of The PLAIN TRUTH magazine, believe in salvation BY WORKS! So, at least, it has been said of us!  But we DON'T! WE BELIEVE, THOROUGHLY, EVERY LETTER of that scripture you just read!”   (Garner Ted Armstrong, “Are You ‘Under the LAW,’ or ‘Under GRACE’?” 1963.)

The fabled Baron Von Munchausen rescued himself from deep mud by pulling himself out by his own bootstraps.  Earlier in the era of high technology, this metaphor was used to refer to starting computer systems.  The dilemma was “we need the system to start the system.”  So bootstrapping software, like a scaled-down operating system that automatically runs when power is supplied, was created for startup purposes.  Hence, we now “boot” mainframes, laptops, and workstations.  There is an analogy here between this technical usage and Armstrongist soteriology.  It is an analogy about bringing yourself to life.  A critical component of Armstrongist soteriology is a process called “qualifying.”  Qualifying will be the focus of this essay.  And unpacking this concept will tell us if Garner Ted Armstrong’s statement above is genuinely descriptive of Armstrongist soteriology or if the statement is just facile. 

Note:   The Appendix at the end contains quotations from Armstrongist literature.  The first numbered statement in the Appendix, for example, will be referred to as Q1 in the text.  There is no single, crisp definition of “qualifying” in Armstrongist literature that I could find.  So, I have had to attach this Appendix to assemble its meaning from scattered publications.  This is the downside of decentralized booklet theology.  

“Qualifying” and Dualism in Armstrongist Soteriology

Herbert W. Armstrong (HWA) defined salvation as the resurrection (see Q2). It is an end-of-life event. It is the outcome of struggling to accomplish good works over a lifetime. This struggle is referred to as “qualifying.”  At times in Armstrongist writing, qualification is a separate but parallel track next to salvation. Salvation is considered a gift (see Q1) and qualification is considered training for a position of responsibility or role in the Kingdom of God.  The idea is that you might be a city manager or mayor under the government of God.  At other times qualification is extended to salvation itself. You can find a Good News article titled “Qualifying for Eternal Life” written by Charles Hunting. Salvation is essentially eternal life. More explicitly, in another place, HWA writes that if you do not undergo spiritual development (qualifying) in this life you will lose salvation (see Q4).  The Bible does not speak directly of qualifying except in one scripture and that will be cited later.   

The principal features of qualifying are:

1.     It is performing works over a lifetime, variously described, but including overcoming, overcoming human nature, overcoming Satan, developing holy, righteous character, and spiritual growth. (see Q3, Q8) 

2.     If one qualifies, one will receive salvation. (see Q7)

3.     If one does not qualify, one will not receive salvation.  (see Q4, Q5)

At this point, I believe we should all become astute ornithologists and observe that “If it looks like a duck, walks like a duck, and quacks like a duck, it’s a duck.”  This is salvation by works.  And it stands in contravention to the opening quotation by Garner Ted Armstrong.  

In some Armstrongist publications, salvation is portrayed as a gift by grace through faith. The quote from Garner Ted Armstrong above comes from an article of this type.  Other articles may focus principally on qualifying, which, we have seen, is a surrogate term for salvation by works.  And then there are articles where both concepts co-reside.  The fact that Armstrongist soteriology encompasses both “by grace through faith” and “works” (qualifying) creates an internally inconsistent duality.  

This duality can create semantic confusion in some of the articles dealing with salvation in Armstrongist publications.  The burden of Armstrongist soteriology is carried by two concepts: the term salvation can have the mainstream Christian meaning of being saved as a gift by grace through faith while qualification emphasizes being saved through performance.  The latter entails the meaning of “earned” because it is something that you must do in order to receive something.  It is a transaction, not a gift.  These two concepts stand in opposition to each other but can occur together or separately in published material.  The two concepts are never really merged, nor can they be and still remain Biblical, so they form a static duality.  The reader must constantly be aware of this duality, of the tension between these two concepts, when reading Armstrongist material.  Any particular writing may follow one line of reasoning or the other or both.  

The implication of this duality is captured in the following formula:

Salvation = Grace plus Faith plus Works

The formulation above stands in opposition to the Christian formulation which is typically:

Salvation = Grace plus Faith

The difference between the two formulations is that in the Armstrongist version works are considered an input to salvation, a pre-condition for salvation (see Q6), while in Christianity works are considered an output of salvation, the results of a saved and changed life.  If works are an output of salvation, as in Christianity, then the Christian in doing good works does nothing to generate salvation.  If the works are an input to salvation, as in Armstrongism, then the Armstrongist must generate works in order to receive salvation.  Works are present in both formulations but their role is quite different, so different that the issue becomes a matter of heresy versus orthodoxy.  

I have read elsewhere in Armstrongist publications that since the works are not the follower’s works but works of God carried out through the follower that Armstrongist soteriology cannot possibly be salvation by our works.   In other words, Armstrongist salvation looks and behaves like salvation by works but it is not really so.  This is a novel attempt at resolving the issue of faith versus works and assumes the follower is a kind of biological robot who must execute determined actions but is not really a participant in those actions.   This interpretation denies any vestige of personal free will and undermines the principle of reward for works. 

Exegetical Counterpoints

The concept of qualification is in the New Testament but it is lost in the KJV translation. It stands out in the ESV translation of Colossians 1:12:

“… giving thanks to the Father, who has qualified you to share in the inheritance of the saints in light … He has delivered us from the domain of darkness and transferred us to the kingdom of his beloved Son…” 

“Qualified” here is the Greek word hikanoō and in most Bible translations this word is translated as “qualified” or “enabled.”  In this scripture, we see that God has already qualified us.  Not only has he already qualified us, but he has also already transferred us to the Kingdom of God.  This means that any good works subsequent to conversion done by the Christian proceed from salvation and are not a factor in the causation of salvation. Also, one can deduce from the Armstrongist approach, that any transferal to the Kingdom of God must be held in suspension awaiting the completion of a lifetime of acceptable works, which belief is in conflict with the second verse above.  

Another illuminating scripture is Galatians 3: 21 (ESV):

“…For if a law had been given that could give life, then righteousness would indeed be by the law.”

But the Abrahamic precedent is that righteousness is by faith.  This means that keeping the Law never has a life-giving functional role in the formula for salvation.   So, the “works” term in the following formula renders the equation invalid: Salvation = Faith plus Grace plus Works.  Emphasis on works tends towards a praxis, if not a doctrine, of perfectionism (see Q9).  There is nothing wrong with trying to be perfect.  There is something very wrong with believing that you are perfect and it will result in your salvation – that you have qualified.  This amounts to an utter rejection of Pauline theology. 

Conclusion

Salvation cannot be bootstrapped.  In the real world, Baron Von Munchausen must resign himself to forever being stuck in the mud.  Salvation is not our work but the work of God’s grace in our lives.  This motivated Paul to raise the absurd idea in his discourse with the Galatians that they seemed to believe that they started with the Spirit and now are being perfected by the flesh.  Faith does lead to action, however.  It is just that actions are not a cause of salvation but are correlated with salvation.  To take the phenomenon of these good actions, which are an outward sign of justification, and subsume it into a concocted program of “qualification” is to loop back to salvation by works – to start with the Spirit and try to finish with the flesh.  Without a doubt salvation as a gift is good news.  But salvation as something that must be gained by inconstant and unreliable human force against impossible odds is unreservedly bad news.  And in this distinction, we find a watershed divide in soteriology between Christianity and Classical Rupertism-Armstrongism.

Solo Christo!

Appendix of Armstrongist Quotations

This source material comes from Classical Armstrongism of the last century and not the Post-Classical Armstrongism of the many current, small Armstrongist denominations.  

1.     The Armstrongist marquee statement about salvation:

 

“Remember we shall be rewarded according to our works or spiritual growth, but salvation is a free gift.” (HWA, Mystery of the Ages (MOA), P. 254.)

2.     Salvation in Armstrongism defined:

 

“…To be glorified fully with Him, to enter into the God family, the very Family of God, the Kingdom of God, and be born by a resurrection into that Kingdom (Phil. 3:21). That is what salvation means.”  (HWA, “What is Salvation?”, Tomorrow’s World Magazine, November-December, 1970)

3.     Qualifying is the same as spiritual growth:

 

“He who qualified by spiritual growth and development only half as much shall reign over five cities as his reward.”  (MOA, p. 254.)

4.     Failure to grow spiritually results in the loss of salvation. 

 

“But what of the person who thought he “had it made into the kingdom” without spiritual growth and development? He shall have taken away from him that first portion of the Holy Spirit—he shall lose the salvation he mistakenly thought he had.“ (MOA, p. 254)

5.     Qualifying is not just about training for a role in the Kingdom; it is about opposing sin in your life which relates directly to salvation (see point 6 below). 

 

“Now He's (Jesus) gone up there to receive His crown, and when He comes, He will be crowned with many crowns. And He's coming back to earth soon and to bring you your crown. But you have got to qualify, Jesus had to qualify. He had to live above sin. Now you have not done that, I have not done that, but we have to repent of the way we did, and never do it again.”   (HWA, “Are You Qualifying of Disqualifying Yourself?”, Sermon Transcript, Feast of Tabernacles, no date.)

6.     And Obedience to law is a pre-condition for salvation:

 

“Jesus tells us that our OBEDIENCE to the Ten Commandments is an absolute PREREQUISITE to receiving God's gift of eternal life (Mat. 19:16-17).” (Ambassador College Bible Correspondence Course, Lesson 17, 1966.)

7.     Qualifying is not just to rule in the Kingdom but to enter it at all.  Inheriting the Kingdom is defined in WCG literature as salvation (see point 2 above). 

 

“THAT'S WHAT YOU ARE CALLED FOR BRETHREN, AND IF YOU CAN'T DO IT, YOU HAVEN'T YET QUALIFIED; YOU'RE NOT READY YET FOR THE KINGDOM OF GOD. “(HWA,” Are You Qualifying or Disqualifying Yourself?”, Feast of Tabernacles Sermon, No Date) 

8.     “Qualifying” is equivalent to the term “overcoming.”  Overcoming is on the critical path to salvation. 

 

“In seven other places in Revelation the word "overcometh" is used to designate a person who has qualified. “  (Charles Hunting, “Are You Qualified For Eternal Life - Now?”, Good News Magazine, August, 1966.) 

“If you continue overcoming, growing spiritually — and all this actually through God's power — you shall inherit the Kingdom of God, and be made immortal to live forever in happiness and joy!” (HWA, “What do you mean…SALVATION?”, 1973)

9.     Finally, the idea of qualifying inevitably leads to the ideas that you can keep God’s law and perfectionism:

 

“Then God will give you the Holy Spirit, through which you will receive the love to keep His law.”  (Roderick C. Meredith,” Is OBEDIENCE to God Required for Salvation?”, 1956.)

”If you are really following Christ — LIVING as He lived, DOING as He did — keeping God's LAW as He did…”  (Garner Ted Armstrong,” What Is REAL REPENTANCE?”, The Plain Truth Magazine, December, 1972. )