Thinking the
Unthinkable
Believing the
Unbelievable
What if the Exodus of the Children of
Israel never actually happened in time and space? What if a clear and
critical thinking person could see that there is no evidence in history or
archeology for the occurrence of such an event? What if it is just another
ancient story with no basis in fact that was told to give a small cultic people
a huge cultic pedigree?
As a Presbyterian kid who grew up
soaking in the Bible long before I came to WCG and ultimately into the ministry,
the story of the Exodus loomed large in my Sunday School life. We built
shoe box models of the Tabernacle in the Wilderness. You know the kind you put
inside the shoe box and poke a hole in one end to look into the scene as if you
were really inside the box. Great fun. We studied the Ten Plagues
and had to memorize the as well as the Twelve Sons/Tribes of Jacob. We
memorized "Run Sam, Lock Up Jack. Dogs Never Get Anything in Zoos, Just
Beatings" which stood for Reuben, Simeon, Levi, Judah, Dan, Napthali, Gad,
Asher, Isacar, Zebulon, Joseph and Benjamin using the first letter to get us
going.
It was all great fun and memorizing
whole passages and chapters of the OT was somewhat of a Dutch reformed fettish
as far as I can tell. In the Sunday School play on the Exodus, I so wanted
to either be Pharoah or Moses, but alas, I got stuck being a common Hebrew
slave. Even in the NT play, I got stuck as one of the anonymous
shepherds when I wanted to be the Angel Gabriel and utter,
"Behold..."
It was an amazing story to me as a
kid. Through the years as I got older and went through round after round
of WCG Passover ritual, I got to wondering if the story of the Exodus was really
true. It just seemed to fantastic and I began to realize it was not true
at all. It probably never happened as presented and in the real world of
archaeology and history, there actually is no physical evidence for it having
been so. The idea that two to three million humans could wander in the
waste howling wilderness for 40 years is simply just plain ludicrous.
The following are some observations by
Joseph Wheless, (1868-1950). He was a lawyer and critical thinker and
turned his attention to many of the Bible stories that seemed too fantastical to
be true. His observations about the logistics and realities of the Exodus
, for me, filled in some of the doubts I had about the grand scope and literal
impossibility of this event in history we call "The Exodus."
So much Christian Theology is taken
from the events of the Exodus of the Children of Israel from Egypt. From
Egypt being a type of sin to sacrificial lambs and blood on doorposts, it is a
framework for all that many, and certainly all the COGs use to explain the
judgement of God and the meaning of Jesus. I will spare you all the
analogies which any WCG refugee should know by heart.
But let's take a look. Let's just
look at what the Bible says about the Exodus and think a bit about how or even
if it all could have actually happened. I personally don't believe it ever
happened as advertised but that's just my current conclusion. I would
simply like to see COGgers to think a bit before the 2012 Passover where I know
you are going to be soaking in this Old Testament
tale.
From Joseph Wheless and his work, "Is
It God's Word?"
First let's get the
numbers.
"THE HOSTS OF THE LORD OF
HOSTS
Hear now what "holy men of old spake as they were
moved by the Holy Ghost" to tell us about the numbers of this exodus. The
inspired record, after relating the "spoiling of the Egyptians" by the Chosen
says: "And the Children of Israel journeyed from Rameses to Succoth, about
600,000 on foot that were men, beside children. And a mixed multitude went up
also with them; and flocks, and herds, even very much cattle" (Ex. xii, 37,
38)
Only about a year later (Num. i, 1), at Sinai, the
formal census of this warrior host was taken, of every male "from 20 years old
and upwards, all that were able to go forth to war in Israel even all that were
numbered were 603,550" (Num. i, 45, 46)! Even in this host the Levites were not
numbered (i, 47); when afterwards they were separately numbered, "all the males
from a month old and upward were 22,000" (Num. iii, 39). On the very
conservative, and quite inadequate, basis of estimating these warrior-males to
be but one out of every four of the old men, women, and children, we should have
a Hebrew population of 2,414,200 souls, not counting in the 22,000 Levites and
the great mixed multitude of slaves and camp-followers who accompanied the hosts
of Yahveh. The Jewish Encyclopedia and most accepted authorities estimate the
total numbers of the exodus to be about 3,000,000!"
That's a lot of folk!
Next a short look the realities of the march out of
Egypt.
THE HOSTS ON THE
MARCH
"The hosts of Yahveh went not like a straggling
rabble of fugitive slaves, hastening to escape, but proud in formal marching
array, as armies march. If they marched in close order, as many as fifty
abreast, with an interval of only one yard between their serried ranks, there
would have been 48,284 ranks, which would form a column twenty-eight miles long!
But the truth is even more remarkable, if the Bible is accurate on the point;
for the Hebrew text says: "And the children of Israel went up by five in a rank
out of the land of Egypt" (Ex. xiii, 18; see marginal note) -- which would make
the column 280 miles long! Such a multitude, with all its encumbrances, could
not possibly march through the desert sands very many miles a day -- say ten,
fifteen, or twenty at the most. (The American army of chosen foot-troops marches
only twelve to fifteen miles a day under average conditions.) Moreover, the
front ranks must march the whole 28 (or 280) miles before the rear ranks could
even start. So hardly half of the "hosts of Yahveh" could even get away that
first day, even if they had started early. But they had first to gather at
Rameses from all over Egypt -- several hundreds of miles in length -- and we
know not how much of that wonderful day they occupied in the rendezvous; the
whole host could not possibly reach Succoth, somewhere, according to the text,
"Out of the land of Egypt," till the second or third day, or the next week, or
the next month, even if they could all have mobilized at Rameses on that
"selfsame day," as they are said to have done. How many interminable miles the
column was stretched out by the millions of sheep and cattle, not marching in
close battle array, of course, unless divinely inspired, we have no revelation,
nor adequate data to compute.
What the millions of cattle fed upon in the
prolonged hike to the Red Sea, across the desert sands, with scant vegetation,
divine revelation does not tell. Nor were the children much better provided for;
they had only a little unleavened dough on their shoulders, "because they were
thrust out of Egypt, and could not tarry, neither had they prepared for
themselves any victual" (Ex. xii, 39).
A remarkable circumstance may be noted here: these
fugitive slaves are represented as having slaves of their own which they carried
away with them. Their provident Yahveh, in his ordinance of the passover, the
very first law he ever gave them, as they fled from slavery in Egypt, made
provision for the observance of that pious ceremony by "every man's servant that
is bought for money," after the bloody violence of circumcision had been
perpetrated upon him (Ex. xii, 44)"
My favorite are the "Food Riots" and the coming
of both Manna and Quail. Oh what fun we had with these stories in Sunday
School!
"As for human food and cattle-feed, this mystery of the ages has
never been satisfactorily solved by revelation or speculation. The children of
Israel started out, as we have seen, with only a little unleavened dough,
"neither had they prepared for themselves any victual" (Ex. xii, 39); and of
course they carried no cattle- feed. One naturally wonders what they and their
cattle had to eat until "on the fifteenth day of the second month after their
departing out of Egypt" they reached the wilderness of Sin (Ex. xvi), Here was
their first recorded food riot; the whole congregation rebelled, crying: "Would
to God we had died by the hand of Yahveh in Egypt, when we did sit by the flesh
pots, and when we did eat bread to the full; for ye have brought us forth into
this wilderness, to kill this whole assembly with hunger" (xvi, 3)! It is
curious that they should die with hunger when they had at least 2,414,200 sheep
and "very much cattle" along with them. That the sheep alone, with nothing at
all to eat or drink, throve and produced at least 241,420 male lambs every year
of the forty years in the wilderness for the annual passover feast is another
divine mystery. And it is truly a marvel, when the Chosen had started out with
only a little dough on their shoulders, quickly consumed raw, and then for forty
years were complaining and rioting because they had no bread to eat, where they
ever got the tons of "fine flour" with which to make the famous "shewbread" for
the altar of Yahveh, and the untold amounts of "unleavened bread" which they
must eat in their feasts, and the "fine flour" they were required to offer with
their countless sacrifices; to say nothing of the great quantities of oil
accompanying them, or of the millions of animals and birds for the manifold and
interminable sacrifices which they are said to have made all through the forty
years in the wilderness. Amos questions (v, 25) and Jeremiah denies (vii, 22)
flesh sacrifices in the wilderness. And as we shall soon see, the Aaron family
were simply gorged with meat from these sacrifices, which they were under dire
obligation to eat at all hazards.
However, when the Israelites started their food riot, Yahveh was
merciful, and said he would "rain bread from heaven" (Ex. xvi, 4) for his
children; but Moses misinterpreted or exaggerated the message, and reported to
them: "Yahveh shall give you in the evening flesh to eat, and in the morning
bread to the full" (xvi, 8). Yahveh graciously amended his promise to conform to
the version which Moses had reported. And this is the way that Yahveh fulfilled
his bounteous promises: that evening "quails came up, and covered the camp" (Ex.
xvi, 13), and in the morning heavenly manna, which had very peculiar qualities,
and tasted "like wafers made with honey" (Ex. xvi, 31) or else "the taste
thereof was like the taste of fresh oil" (Num. xi, 8), but whether olive oil,
castor oil, kerosene oil, hair oil, or oil of saints is not revealed. Anyhow the
children of Israel didn't like it at all as a steady diet. This is all they had
to eat however for forty years, as the quails were a special treat for one day
only; we hear them at their next food riot longing for the leeks and onions and
garlic of Egypt, and saying: "There is nothing at all, besides this manna" (Num.
xi, 6); and again they said: "Our souls do loathe this light bread" (Num. xxi,
5); and, odd as it is, "they wept in the ears of Yahveh, saying, Who shall give
us flesh to eat?" (Num. xi, 4).
Passing strange was this danger of starvation in the presence of
several million sheep and cattle, unless, indeed, the poor beasts were so
starved themselves as to be not fit to eat. And Moses explicitly had these
cattle in mind; for when Yahveh promised him flesh for the children of Israel to
eat, he reasoned thus with Yahveh: "The people, among whom I am, are six hundred
thousand footmen; and thou hast said, I will give them flesh, that they may eat
a whole month. Shall the flocks and the herds be slain for them, to suffice
them? or shall all the fish of the sea be gathered together for them, to suffice
them?" (Num. xi, 21, 22) To starve to death under such circumstances! And "the
anger of Yahveh was kindled greatly"; and he graciously promised: "Ye shall not
eat one day, nor two days, nor five days, neither ten days, nor twenty days; But
even a whole month, until it come out at your nostrils, and it be loathsome unto
you" (Sum. xi, 19, 20)!
So, in his loving-kindness and bounteous providence, Yahveh
provided a quail feast on prodigious scale; for "there went forth a wind from
Yahveh, and brought quails from the sea" (perhaps flying-fish, for sea-quail are
not known on the market, at least in these days); and note this: those quails
fell and were stacked upon the face of the earth "as it were a day's journey
round about the camp, and as it were two cubits high upon the face of the earth"
(Num. xi, 31)! This simple inspired narrative, related in one Bible verse, and
about which I never heard a single sermon in my life, is the most stupendous
miracle of Divine bounty in all sacred history, peremptorily challenges our
admiring attention."
Doing the math.....
"Let us figure a bit on this astonishing fall
of quails, and see how far figures, which do not lie, may be an aid, or a
handicap, to faith. The quails were stacked up "two cubits high" for a distance
of "a day's journey round the camp." A Bible cubit is 22 inches; two cubits are
therefore 44 inches. A biblical "day's journey," according to the Jewish
Encyclopedia, is 44,815 meters (1 meter is 39.37 inches, or 1.1 yards), which
equals 49,010 yards, 27.8 miles. Now, the camp of Israel (laid out as indicated
in Numbers ii, and glowingly described by Balaam in Numbers xxiv) was, according
to accepted calculations, twelve miles square. It would be crowded, with about
16,800 persons to the square mile; the densest population in the worst slums of
any modern city is only some 25,000 to the square mile, in many-storied tenement
houses. And this doesn't allow a square foot for the millions of
cattle.
Around this camp, twelve miles square, on all
its four sides, lay heaped these miraculous quails, piled 44 inches high.
Assuming, for the sake of a minimum of miracle, and therefore of strain on
faith, that this stack of quails began close to the four sides of the camp and
extended for 27.8 miles in every direction, we have a solid square of quails
measuring from one outer edge to another 67.6 miles, deducting of course the
twelve-mile square occupied by the camp in the center. The solid mass therefore
covered 4569.76 square miles, from which deducting the 144 square miles of the
central camp leaves us 4425.76 square miles of quails piled 44 inches high. This
stack of quails thus covered an area by 500 square miles larger than the whole
states of Delaware and Rhode Island, plus the city of Greater New York! Such is
the bounty of Yahveh, or such the boundlessness of inspiration. As to the space
occupied, one quail, packed tight by the weight of the mass, might be compressed
into about 3 inches of space each way, which would amount to 27 cubic inches of
space per quail, or 64 quails to the cubic foot of space throughout the mass.
Now, a surface of 4425.76 square miles, heaped 44 inches high with objects each
occupying 27 cubic inches would make a considerable mass, which we must reduce
to terms.
One linear mile contains 5280 feet; one
square mile therefore contains 27,878,400 square feet. The whole area of 4425.76
square miles would equal 123,383,107,584 square feet. Each square foot being
covered 44 inches, or 3.66 feet, high with quails, each quail occupying 27 cubic
inches of space, with 64 quails to the cubic foot, the total would be
452,404,727,808 cubic feet of quails. A bit of ready reckoning, on this
conservative basis, gives us just 28,953,902,579,712 quails in this divine
prodigy of a pot-hunt! Every soul of the 2,414,200 of the "hosts of Yahveh"
therefore had the liberal allowance of 11,993,167 quails. We can well believe,
if the Children of Israel had to eat so many quails, even in "a whole month,"
that, as Yahveh promised or threatened, they would "come out at your nostrils
and be loathsome to-you!"
It was a prodigious task to harvest all those
quails; indeed, inspiration tells us, "the people stood up all that day, and all
that night, and all the next day, and they gathered the quails: ... and they
spread them all abroad for themselves round about the camp" (Num. xi, 32). This
must mean all around within the camp; for the quails were already spread abroad
for 67.6 miles "round about the camp" outside. Indeed, as these wonderful quails
stretched for nearly 28 miles, a whole day's journey, on every hand around the
camp, an ordinary uninspired mind cannot grasp the process by which the millions
of Chosen ever accomplished the incessant going back and forth, out and in, the
hundreds of thousands of times necessary to harvest their marvelous crop of
quails. And how quails covering compactly an area of 4425 square miles could be
"spread abroad," when gathered in, in the 144 square miles of the camp, already
crowded with tents and people, or where they ever put the feathers and
"cleanings," is another holy wonder -- if the whole affair were not simply a
matter of simple faith. And it is curious where the 2,414,200 Israelites stood
to be able to get at the quail-picking; and how each person could gather up
11,993,167 quails in 36 hours, which would require them to gather up, each one,
335,366 quails per hour, or 5589 quails ever minute, or nearly 94 quails per
second of uninterrupted time, leaving them no time to carry the quails the
average 28-miles into camp to spread them abroad, and no time to eat, or sleep,
or sacrifice, or die, which over 1700 a day did, or to bury their dead, or to be
born, as the comparison of the two censuses shows 1700 a day were, or for any
other of the daily necessities of camp-life.
Devoutly conjuring away all these trifling
speculations, let us behold the climax of tragedy which capped this miracle of
divine bounty. Yahveh had promised his flesh-famishing Children flesh to eat for
"even a whole month," until they should be so gorged with eating quail that it
should come out loathsomely at their nostrils; and Yahveh's divine word would
seem to be inviolable. But when each of the children of Israel had gathered up
his ration of twelve million quails, and started with great joy and hunger, as
we may imagine, after thirty-six hours' hungry wait, to eat them, lo! "while the
flesh was yet between their teeth, ere it was chewed, the wrath of Yahveh was
kindled against the people, and Yahveh smote the people with a very great
plague" (Num. xi, 33), and untold numbers of the Israelites were slain by their
bounteous loving heavenly Father! And this simply because they "lusted" for
something to eat besides that loathed, oily-honey manna. Whether the miraculous
quails were divinely instilled with miraculous venom and gave Yahveh's Chosen
wholesale ptomaine poisoning, or whether it was simply another case of Jahvistic
slaying, so abundant in his sacred record, the divine revelation leaves us
unadvised. In either event, Yahveh seems to have violated his sacred word, or at
best "kept the word of promise to the ear, but broke it to the hope," as his
children did not get their promised "flesh to eat for even a whole month," nor
at all."
And finally for now, just how do 3 million
people go potty according to the rules?
"So much for the lay-out of the sacred
encampment. What is the point of faith involved? Whenever a sacrifice of
sin-offering was made by the priest, a daily and constant service, "the skin of
the bullock, and all his flesh, ... even the whole bullock shall he carry forth
without the camp unto a clean place, where the ashes are poured out, and burn
him on the wood with fire" (Lev. iv, 11, 12). This was the personal chore of the
priest himself, of whom there were oddly three, Aaron and his sons Eleazar and
Ithamar. And there were thousands upon thousands of sacrifices, for every
imaginable thing and occasion; and the carcasses and offal of the slaughtered
cattle must always be taken "without the camp" and burned, by these three poor
priests, and Father Aaron was over 80 years old. So these chores would keep them
going, time after time, six miles out and six miles back, lugging heavy and
bloody carcasses and offal through the main streets of the camp, incessantly,
and leave them no time for their holy, bloody sacrifices of myriads of animals,
as described in Exodus xxix, and all through Leviticus. Moreover, the entire
garbage, refuse, ashes, and filth of every kind of two and a half million people
and millions of cattle must be constantly and with extreme care carried outside
the camp, practically under the awful threat of annihilation; for "Yahveh. thy
God walketh in the midst of thy camp, to deliver thee, and to give up thine
enemies before thee; therefor shall thy camp be holy: that he see no unclean
thing in thee, and turn away from thee" (Deut. xxiii, 12-14); and everybody who
reads the Bible knows what the Chosen's enemies used to do to them whenever
their Yahveh wasn't looking closely after them.
These inspired verses enshrine, too, for our
admiration, material details: even the ordinary personal necessities of nature
must be relieved "without the camp," and covered up by digging with a paddle
(Deut. xxiii, 13); the 603,500-odd valiant soldiers of Yahveh were commanded by
Yahveh: "Thou shalt have a paddle upon thy weapon" for this digging operation!
There must have been an advance revelation of the peculiar pattern of these
funny weapons, with a spear-point on one end and a scavenger-paddle on the
other, for the Chosen to have got them manufactured to special order by the
arinourers of Egypt. And it is to be wondered how the non-combatants, women-folk
and little children, did their digging on these occasions, unless they borrowed
some warrior-paddle not then in use, or had a paddle-armed soldier for an escort
when they went perforce "without the camp." Just think for a moment, and then
admire the strange providence of Yahveh: two and a half millions of his Chosen
People, old and young, sick and infirm, men, women, and children, trotting at
all hours of day and night, from the more central parts of the encampment some
twelve miles out and back, to find a suitable spot "without the camp" to respond
to their several calls; and often even before they got back home, having to turn
and trek all over again! And every mother's son and daughter of the "hosts of
Yahveh" must make an average of six miles, both ways, several times
daily.
Moreover, as Yahveh got angry with his
Chosen, whom he had repeatedly promised to bring into Canaan, and as he caused
every one of them, except Joshua and Caleb, to die in the wilderness, there were
on the average 1700 deaths and funerals per day for forty years, at the rate of
72 per hour, more than one for very minute of every day and all the corpses must
also be carried "without the camp" for burial, an average of six miles going and
returning. And as the census taken at the end of the forty years shows but a
slight decrease in numbers from that taken at the beginning, the entire host was
renewed by a birth-rate of over one a minute for forty years; and all the debris
must be lugged without the camp and disposed of. Verily the Chosen had their
troubles.THE "BURNING QUESTION" OF
FUEL
There is also the question of fires and fuel.
The myriads of sacrifices and burnt offerings at the tabernacle, besides the
wasteful burning "without the camp" of practically entire animals, and that too
when the children of Israel were straying and rioting for "flesh to eat,"
required many fires and hence much firewood. Where, there in the "waste howling
wilderness," did they get so much fuel? -- a burning question nowhere answered
by revelation. In the Arabian wilderness at certain seasons, and always at
night, when the fiery sun had set, the cold was fearfully intense; the Chosen
must have been grievously beset to find firewood to keep themselves from
freezing, and it is never once recorded that stove- wood was miraculously
provided either to keep them warm or to cook manna, to say nothing of the big
quail feast. The inspired Word tells us much of the fires and of the ashes, but
vouchsafes nothing about the immense forests which must have been required to
supply a population like that of modern Chicago with firewood for heating,
cooking, and burning hecatombs every day for forty
years."
Well, that should be a bit or a bit too much
of a teaser on this topic of the Exodus and its many problems in reality.
We get so used to just reading the stories in
the OT and never asking "how can this be?" I grew up with the fact that if
the Bible said it, it was true, it happened, that's how it really was and don't
ever mark a Bible with high lighter! That's how I grew up. It took a
bit for me to make my first note in a margin!
The works of Joseph Wheless are found here
for those so inclined at this time of year in the COG calendar. http://www.harrington-sites.com/chapters.htm
Just for fun, ask your minister to explain
something of interest in the Exodus story to you. I guarantee most WCG/COG
ministers have never once considered these questions very much. Critical
thinking is not one of the hallmarks of fundamentalism. Are there
apologetics for all of this? Probably, but if one just takes the story at
face value, it is all quite dubious at best.
"Boy...you can sure tell it is Passover
time!"
Dennis
DenniscDiehl@aol.com
